四端法土壤电导率传感器恒流源设计与试验

土壤信息对于指导农业生产有着极为重要的作用，土壤电导率反映了土壤含水量、盐分、粘粒含量和类型等土壤信息，准确获取土壤电导率对于实现农业精细化生产意义重大。在各种土壤电导率测量方法中，四端法因其成本低、精度高、测量快速和操作简便而大量应用于实际测量；恒流源是四端法测量仪器的重要组成部分，其性能直接决定着测量仪器的精度以及测量范围。本文对比了3种恒流源对测量仪器测量性能的影响，发现采用Howland恒流源的四端法测量仪器高电导率测量能力强而低电导率测量范围较小，测量精度最高；采用改进型Howland恒流源的四端法测量仪器低电导率测量范围有所扩大，测量精度良好；采用基于差动放大器的恒流源的电导率仪低电导率测量范围最大，高电导率测量范围较优，测量精度良好。     

河南省农业水资源脆弱性时空特征及障碍度诊断

从自然脆弱性、人为脆弱性和承载力脆弱性3个层面构建农业水资源脆弱性评价体系,运用熵值法和线性加权综合法测算了2001—2016年河南省农业水资源脆弱性,并利用障碍度模型分析了影响脆弱性的主要障碍因子。结果表明:2001—2016年河南省郑州等9市农业水资源脆弱性呈减小态势,开封等9市呈增大态势,脆弱性增速差异显著;脆弱性演变趋势可分为先升后降、先降后升、波动上升和波动下降4种类型;河南省农业水资源脆弱性空间分布集聚特征明显,脆弱度排序为豫北豫东豫南豫中豫西;河南省农业水资源脆弱性主要受到人为脆弱性和承载力脆弱性的影响,且主要障碍因子存在差异。因此,应积极加强对水资源系统人为干预,通过加大农业资金投入、优化农田水利建设水平、提高农业用水效率等,以实现河南省农业生产与水资源利用协调发展。     

全银杏粉饮料配方的模糊数学法优化及其稳定性研究

为解决泰州大佛指银杏加工季节限制，获得一款口感宜人、稳定性良好的保健型饮料，以全银杏粉为主要原料，通过模糊数学法结合正交试验优化全银杏粉饮料的最佳配方，采用功效系数法结合正交试验优化全银杏粉饮料稳定剂的最佳复配比，以均质压力和均质温度对全银杏粉饮料稳定性的影响确定最佳均质条件。结果表明，全银杏粉饮料的最佳配方为：全银杏粉初汁添加量80%，低聚果糖添加量10%，柠檬酸添加量0.10%，蜂蜜添加量0.10%；稳定剂最佳复配比为：微晶纤维素（MCC）0.15%，卡拉胶0.20%，海藻酸丙二醇酯（PGA）0.20%；最佳均质条件为：均质压力40 MPa，均质温度60 ℃。     

Evaluation of Intestinal Absorption of Dietary Halocynthiaxanthin,a Carotenoid from the Sea Squirt Halocynthia roretzi

Halocynthiaxanthin is an acetylenic carotenoid mainly found in Halocynthia roretzi. To date, several bioactivities of halocynthiaxanthin have been reported, but its mechanism of digestion and absorption in mammals has not been studied yet. In this study, we evaluated the intestinal absorption of halocynthiaxanthin in mice. The halocynthiaxanthin-rich fraction was prepared from the tunicate Halocynthia roretzi. Mice were orally administered the fraction at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. The halocynthiaxanthin levels in the plasma, liver, and small intestine, were quantified using HPLC-PDA, 1, 3, 6, and 9 h after ingestion. The halocynthiaxanthin-rich fraction mainly consisted of the all-trans form and a small amount of cis forms. These three isomers were detected in the plasma of mice 3 h after ingestion. Time-course changes after the ingestion of this fraction were found, with cis isomers being more abundant than the all-trans isomer in the mouse plasma and liver. In the small intestine, however, the all-trans isomer was primarily detected. The possibility that cis isomers might be absorbed rapidly from the small intestine cannot be denied, but our results suggest that dietary all-trans-halocynthiaxanthin might be isomerized to the cis isomer after intestinal absorption.     

生物质导热系数测量系统设计

随着不可再生能源的日渐枯竭,生物质能源的研究工作受到越来越多的关注。想要充分了解和利用生物质能源,生物质材料的热物性分析必不可少。其中,导热系数表征就是研究的重点内容之一,设计出可靠便捷的测量系统至关重要。笔者以LabVIEW平台为基础,依靠其强大的测控功能,结合3ω法测量原理及具体的实验步骤,设计出一种固液相样品都适用的导热系数测量系统。实验中测量端的铂丝将产生电信号,经前置放大电路被锁相放大器SR830采集,然后通过GPIB接口卡与PC机通讯。其中,上位机LabVIEW的程控交互界面包括了前期准备、信息记录、数据采集和曲线显示4个部分,为研究人员提供了直观、便捷、高效的实验进程帮助。还从测量对象的性质和实验台搭建过程两个方面,分析了可能存在的误差来源。为了验证该导热系数测量系统的可靠性,对常见的生物质液体,包括存在固液相变化的样品,进行了测量实验。测量值与文献参考值比较显示,系统误差小于5%,说明该测量系统具有较高的可靠性和稳定性。     

基于无人机LiDAR的天然林与人工林林隙提取

为研究主动遥感进行森林地物分类和林隙提取的效果,分别在天然林和人工林中比较了无人机激光雷达(Li DAR)数据的阈值法、逐像元法和面向对象法3种方法的分类精度和适用性。选取天然林(黑龙江省哈尔滨市帽儿山林场)和人工林(内蒙古自治区赤峰市旺业甸林场)两处试验区,应用阈值法、逐像元法和面向对象法3种方法,对两个试验区采集的无人机Li DAR数据进行林隙、非林隙、其他类型划分。研究结果表明,面向对象法在天然林和人工林试验区中的分类精度和Kappa系数均最高,天然林为82. 43%、0. 73,人工林为91. 74%、0. 88;逐像元法次之,天然林为76. 62%、0. 64,人工林为78. 68%、0. 68;阈值法的分类精度和Kappa系数差异较大,在天然林中的精度极低,为50. 54%、0. 27,人工林的精度较高,为79. 12%、0. 69。面向对象法和逐像元法在天然林和人工林普遍适用,均可以达到理想的分类精度和Kappa系数。阈值法在天然林的精度较低,更适合于人工林的分类,即林分高度趋于一致,且建筑、道路等其他类型干扰较少的区域。天然林的最佳分类方法为面向对象法,人工林的最佳分类方法为阈值法。     

Accelerated ageingof wheat grains: Part I- Influence on rheological properties of wheat flour

Natural ageing is defined as handling and storage of freshly harvested grain for several years under storage condition to achieve suitable flour quality after milling. Accelerated ageing of wheat which is obtained using higher temperature during a specific storage time under controlled relative humidity may improve the quality of wheat flour. The present study addresses the effect of accelerated ageing on the rheological properties of wheat flour produced by freshly harvested wheat. The process of accelerated aging was performed by three different factors including rise in wheat moisture content (16, 18 and 20% w/w), control of storage temperature (30, 40 and 50°C) and control of the storage time (2, 5 and 8 days) using a central composite design. After the grain milling, rheological properties of wheat flour of different treatments were studied. Results indicated that promoting the storage time to 8 days and temperature up to 40°C could improve rheological properties such as dough stability, dough development time and farinograph quality number. This phenomenon may be due to oxidation and rearrangement of disulfide bonds resulting in increasing strength and improving flour quality. Increasing moisture content and storing in higher temperatures resulted in weakening rheological properties.     

Compatibility of root growth and tuber production of potato cultivars with dynamic and static water‐saving irrigation managements

The important root characteristics of root length density (RLD) and root mass density (RMD) generally differ among irrigation managements and potato cultivars. The objective of this study was to investigate the RLD and RMD variations and their functional relationships with gross potato tuber yield for two commercial potato cultivars, Agria and Sante, under different irrigation strategies. Full irrigation and water‐saving irrigation strategies, deficit and partial root drying irrigations, were applied statically (S) and dynamically (D) based on daily crop evapotranspiration. Results showed that SPRD had significantly greater RLD (3.64 cm/cm³) and RMD (132.7 μg/cm³) than other irrigation treatments. Between the potato cultivars, Agria had significantly larger values of RLD (3.50 cm/cm³) and RMD (138.7 μg/cm³) than Sante. The functional relationship between the root growth characteristics and tuber yield showed that under water‐saving irrigations, Agria increased root mass at the expense of gross tuber yield but Sante increased root mass to maintain larger gross tuber yields. However, Agria produced more roots and gross tuber yield than Sante, and it is concluded that Agria is a more drought‐tolerant potato cultivar, which is recommended for tuber production in regions where water might be scarce. It was shown that larger root production in potatoes was associated with improved tolerance to water stress.     

球孢白僵菌不同施用方式对玉米促生作用的研究

采用土壤施用和叶面喷施2种方式将球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)菌株Bb202接种至玉米,研究不同接种方式及处理浓度对玉米生长的影响。结果表明,2种喷施方式对玉米苗均存在促生作用,且这种促生作用与孢子接种浓度密切相关。在叶面喷施处理中,白僵菌仅对玉米地上部分生长指标有促进作用,而对玉米苗的根长无显著影响;其中1.0×10~4孢子/m L处理组对玉米苗的促生效果最佳,其株高、叶长、叶宽、鲜重指标比蒸馏水对照组分别高出7.47%、15.42%、25.70%和16.85%。在土壤喷施处理中,白僵菌对玉米苗地上与地下部分均有显著促生作用;其中1.0×106孢子/m L和1.0×10~8孢子/m L处理组,玉米株高、叶长、根长、生物量指标较蒸馏水对照组分别提高了28.66%和29.59%、30.66%和37.85%、43.08%和33.60%、28.35%和32.55%。从对玉米苗的促生作用来看,用1.0×106孢子/m L的白僵菌悬浮液处理土壤,可以取得最经济、最显著的促生效果。     

基于UPLC-QTOF/MS的小麦发芽代谢组学分析方法

为探究不同提取方法对发芽小麦代谢物提取效果的影响,本研究建立了基于超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF/MS)的发芽小麦非靶向代谢组学样品前处理方法和分析方法,以发芽2 d周麦26籽粒为材料,设计提取溶剂、提取方式、提取时间3个因素在3个水平上L9(34)正交试验,并通过主成分分析和聚类分析确定提取效果最佳的组合。以80%乙腈(0.1%甲酸)震摇提取30 min可检测出1609个代谢峰,说明提取溶剂对代谢物提取效果起主要作用。共鉴定出92种小麦代谢物。